Korean verbs are relatively simple to conjugate once you know the verb stems along with the verb endings of the different tenses.
In this article, we will learn how to determine the stem of a verb and how to add the appropriate endings to make them into past, present, or future tenses. Please note that for the entirety of this article, I will only be addressing the polite form of speech. You should be aware that the casual and formal forms of speech will have different verb endings.
If you find yourself confused about the pronunciations in this article, please refer to my lesson on Korean pronunciation rules.
Common Korean predicates: 이다, 아니다, 있다, 없다
First, look at the dictionary forms of four common predicates. Korean verbs and adjectives are listed with 다 in dictionaries. 이다 is the copula used after nouns; 아니다 expresses “not be,” and 있다/없다 express existence or possession in the examples below.
| Verb (dictionary form) | Pronunciation | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| 이다 | [이다] | To be (is, am, are) |
| 아니다 | [아니다] | To not be (is not, am not, are not) |
| 있다 | [읻따] | To have, to exist |
| 없다 | [업따] | To not have, to not exist |
Present tense
The first step to conjugating is to find the stem of each verb. The simple way to find the stem is just take away the syllable “다” at the end.
The verb stems for the above verbs are:
- 이-
- 아니-
- 있-
- 없-
Next, determine the verb ending. The present tense of a verb (polite speech only) will end with one of the following:
- -아요 (when the last vowel in the verb stem is ㅏ or ㅗ)
- -어요 (when the last vowel in the verb stem is anything else)
The final step is to add the verb ending to the verb stem as follows:
- For 이다, use 이에요 after a noun ending in a consonant and 예요 after a noun ending in a vowel: 학생이에요, 의사예요. Attach the ending directly to the noun.
- 아니다 → 아니에요 = is not / am not / are not. Learn this common form separately; 아녜요 is a shortened form.
- 있 + 어요 = 있어요 [이써요] = does exist
- 없 + 어요 = 없어요 [업써요] = does not exist
있다 and 없다 take -어요 here. The common forms of 이다 and 아니다 should be learned separately, rather than derived by mechanically attaching -어요.
Past tense
The past tense of a verb will end with the following:
- -았어요 (when the last vowel in the verb stem is ㅏ or ㅗ)
- -었어요 (when the last vowel in the verb stem is anything else)
As you did with the present tense above, just add the appropriate ending to the verb stem:
- 이다 → 이었어요 [이어써요] after a consonant-ending noun, or 였어요 [여써요] after a vowel-ending noun: 학생이었어요, 의사였어요 = was / were
- 아니 + 었어요 = 아니었어요 [아니어써요] = was not, were not
- 있 + 었어요 = 있었어요 [이써써요] = did exist
- 없 + 었어요 = 없었어요 [업써써요] = did not exist
Future tense
The verb ending of future tense is as follows:
- -ㄹ 거예요 (after a vowel-ending stem)
- -을 거예요 (after a consonant-ending stem other than ㄹ)
If the stem already ends in ㄹ, keep it and add 거예요: 놀다 → 놀 거예요. Irregular stems may change. For the four predicates above:
- 이 + ㄹ 거예요 = 일 거예요 [일꺼예요] = probably will be
- 아니 +ㄹ 거예요 = 아닐 거예요 [아닐꺼예요] = probably will not be
- 있 + 을 거예요 = 있을 거예요 [이쓸꺼예요] = probably will exist
- 없 + 을 거예요 = 없을 거예요 [업쓸꺼예요] = probably will not exist
The ending -(으)ㄹ 거예요 can express a plan, intention, or prediction. With predicates such as 이다 or 있다, it can also express a guess about a present situation. Context determines the meaning.
This is a common way to talk about future plans and predictions in Korean. It does not mean Korean speakers can express certainty only about the past or present.
Now let’s take a look at the present, past, and future tenses together for better reference:
| Dictionary form | Verb stem | Present | Past | Future |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 이다 | 이- | 이에요 / 예요 | 이었어요 [이어써요] |
일 거예요 [일꺼예요] |
| 아니다 | 아니- | 아니에요 | 아니었어요 [아니어써요] |
아닐 거예요 [아닐꺼예요] |
| 있다 [읻따] |
있- | 있어요 [이써요] |
있었어요 [이써써요] |
있을 거예요 [이쓸꺼예요] |
| 없다 [업따] |
없- | 없어요 [업써요] |
없었어요 [업써써요] |
없을 거예요 [업쓸꺼예요] |
Korean action verbs
Action verbs describe actions that can be done by the subject of the sentence. Let’s conjugate the following verbs using the same steps as above.
Present, past, and future tenses
Using the above information, see if you can determine what the verb stems are:
| Verb (dictionary form) | Verb stem | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| 하다 | ? | To do |
| 가다 | ? | To go |
| 오다 | ? | To come |
| 먹다 | ? | To eat |
Were you able to find the verb stems?
You are correct!! All you need to do is take away “다” to get the verb stems 하-, 가-, 오-, and 먹-.
Now let’s find the present, past, and future tenses of the above verbs:
| Dictionary form | Verb stem | Present | Past | Future |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 하다 | 하- | 해요* (do) |
했어요 [해써요] (did) |
할 거예요 [할꺼예요] (will do) |
| 가다 | 가- | 가요* (go) |
갔어요 [가써요] (went) |
갈 거예요 [갈꺼예요] (will go) |
| 오다 | 오- | 와요 | 왔어요 [와써요] | 올 거예요 [올꺼예요] |
| 먹다 | 먹- | 먹어요 [머거요] | 먹었어요 [머거써요] | 먹을 거예요 [머글꺼예요] |
하다 has a special pattern: 하여요 contracts to 해요, and 하였어요 contracts to 했어요. 가 + 아요 contracts to 가요, and 오 + 아요 contracts to 와요. Other verbs may have irregular stem changes, so the vowel rule alone does not generate every form.
Present continuous tense
Since we have covered the past, present, and future tenses, there is one more type of commonly used present tense I should mention. Present continuous refers to the current state of doing the action, like the words going, coming, and eating.
For many ongoing actions, attach -고 있어요 to the verb stem. This construction does not correspond to every English “-ing” form; with some verbs it can describe a resulting state.
Let’s look at the same four words:
| Dictionary form | Verb stem | Present continuous |
|---|---|---|
| 하다 | 하- | 하고 있어요 [하고 이써요] (doing) |
| 가다 | 가- | 가고 있어요 [가고 이써요] (going) |
| 오다 | 오- | 오고 있어요 [오고 이써요] (coming) |
| 먹다 | 먹- | 먹고 있어요 [먹꼬 이써요] (eating) |
You can see that the pattern is pretty straightforward. Notice that the word 있어요 (does exist) is included in the present continuous. In these examples, -고 있어요 describes an action in progress. It can also describe an ongoing activity over a period, as in “I’m reading a novel these days.”
Here are a few more action verbs. See if you can come up with the verb tenses:
|
마시다 (to drink) |
|
자다 (to sleep) |
|
놀다 (to play) |
|
읽다 (to read) |
How did you do?
Click to reveal the correct answer
Here are the answers:
|
Dictionary form |
stem |
Present |
Past |
Future |
Present continuous |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
마시다 (to drink) |
마시- | 마셔요 |
마셨어요 [마셔써요] |
마실 거예요 [마실꺼예요] |
마시고 있어요 [마시고 이써요] |
|
자다 (to sleep) |
자- | 자요 |
잤어요 [자써요] |
잘 거예요 [잘꺼예요] |
자고 있어요 [자고 이써요] |
|
놀다 (to play) |
놀- |
놀아요 [노라요] |
놀았어요 [노라써요] |
놀 거예요 [놀꺼예요] |
놀고 있어요 [놀고 이써요] |
|
읽다 (to read) |
읽- |
읽어요 [일거요] |
읽었어요 [일거써요] |
읽을 거예요 [일글꺼예요] |
읽고 있어요 [일꼬 이써요] |
It wasn’t too difficult, right? Great job!!
Let’s now look at the verbs used in complete sentences:
| Sentence | Pronunciation | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| 어제는 친구하고 놀았어요. | [어제는 칭구하고 노라써요] | Yesterday, I played with a friend. |
| 저는 요즘 소설을 읽고 있어요. | [저는 요즘 소서를 일꼬이써요] | These days, I’m reading a novel. |
| 오빠가 맥주를 너무 많이 마셨어요. | [오빠가 맥쭈를 너무 마니 마셔써요] | My older brother drank too much beer. (The speaker is female.) |
| 우리 남편은 지금 자고 있어요. | [우리 남펴는 지금 자고 이써요] | My husband is sleeping right now. |
| 그 편지는 이따 읽을 거예요. | [그 편지는 이따 일글꺼예요] | I will read that letter later. |
Korean action verbs combining a noun with the verb “do”
The last topic that I want to introduce in this article involves the Korean verb “하다” (do). There are many nouns that are combined with 하다 to become action verbs.
Listed below are some examples of this combination:
| Noun | translation | + 하다 (dictionary form) | translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 공부 | Study | 공부하다 | To study |
| 생각 | Thought(s) | 생각하다 | To think |
| 일 | Work | 일하다 | To work |
| 운동 | Exercise | 운동하다 | To exercise |
| 요리 | Cooking (a dish that has been cooked) | 요리하다 | To cook |
In order to determine the various tenses of these verbs, refer back to the verb “하다”:
| Dictionary form | Verb stem | Present | Past | Future |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 하다 | 하- | 해요 | 했어요 [해써요] | 할 거예요 [할꺼예요] |
Then simply combine them with the nouns as shown below:
| Dictionary form | stem | Present | Past | Future | Present continuous |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 공부하다 | 공부하- | 공부해요 | 공부했어요 [공부해써요] |
공부할 거예요 [공부할꺼예요] |
공부하고 있어요 [공부하고 이써요] |
| 생각하다 | 생각하- | 생각해요 [생가캐요] |
생각했어요 [생가캐써요] |
생각할 거예요 [생가칼꺼예요] |
생각하고 있어요 [생가카고 이써요] |
| 일하다 | 일하- | 일해요 [일해요] |
일했어요 [일해써요] |
일할 거예요 [일할꺼예요] |
일하고 있어요 [일하고 이써요] |
| 운동하다 | 운동하- | 운동해요 [운동해요] |
운동했어요 [운동해써요] |
운동할 거예요 [운동할꺼예요] |
운동하고 있어요 [운동하고 이써요] |
| 요리하다 | 요리하- | 요리해요 | 요리했어요 [요리해써요] |
요리할 거예요 [요리할꺼예요] |
요리하고 있어요 [요리하고 이써요] |
Other Korean lessons you can check out:
Easy Guide to Korean Adjectives
Korean Particles 은/는 vs. 이/가 Explained
Conclusion
In this article, I have introduced only a few of the verb endings that exist in the Korean language. There are many more verb endings still to learn, but you are now on your way to mastering the past, present, and future!
As you continue to increase your vocabulary, you should get in the habit of learning the different conjugations of each verb that you add to your list. Eventually, the verb tenses will become second nature to you as you compose your sentences!
REVIEW AND REPEAT DAILY, AND YOU WILL SEE PROGRESS… 파이팅!!